2026-11-12T10:35:24Z https://giidrjournal.com/oai/?metadataPrefix=oai_dc&verb=ListRecords

oai:giidrjournal.com:393127 2016-12-30 giidr

Update on Lung Cancer and Treatment Strategies Gul Shehnaz Akhtar Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad Ilyas cfRNA ctDNA Biomarkers SCLC and NSCLC With the discovery of EGFR, it is now quite possible for the scientific world to treat patients with personalized medicine. Liquid biopsy is the invasive technique used to characterize human tumors by examining human body fluid. Different biomarkers are used to analyze tumor cells, but the most common of them is cell-free DNA. Liquid biopsy can identify tumor biomarkers to identify cancer of the lung at the start of the disease. In past studies, it was ascertained that plasma cfDNA concentration in patients with cancer is more in contrast to healthy persons. Numerous analytical ways have been synthesized to know molecular alteration through liquid biopsy. Molecular identification quantification assay as ddPCR make harmony in the detection of changes speed up against with a tumor biopsy. Different biomarkers that are used in liquid lung biopsy are Floating cfDNA and ctDNA, methylated ctDNA, CTCs in lung cancer, exosomes, TEP, and Circulating RNAs. Humanity Publications Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.(Corresponding Author) Undergraduates Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduates Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduates Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/update-on-lung-cancer-and-treatment-strategies https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2016(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393128 2016-12-30 giidr

Nano-Technological Approach towards Anti-Viral Therapy Mubashar Rehman Abdullah Hassan Gul Abid Ul Haq Antiviral Therapy Nano-Technology Nano-Carriers Nanoparticulate and Nanomedicines With time viral infections are increasing day by day due to various reasons like new viruses, the resistance of viruses to antiviral therapy, and mutation of one form of the virus to another form; these types of problems create many challenges in the field of research. Furthermore, a lot of challenges are encountered in the treatment of antiviral therapy, like interaction with other medication and use of increased frequency and a high dose of antiviral due to infection in CNS or synovial fluid where drug permeation is less. Consequently, toxicity and other side effect chances will be more. Nano-technological approaches are used to overcome these challenges. The beneficial properties come from such engineering, including stimuli sensitivity, targetability, and longevity; these are all combined to give multifunctional nano-carriers that concurrently execute different beneficial tasks Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. (Corresponding Author) Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/nanotechnological-approach-towards-antiviral-therapy https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2016(I-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393129 2016-12-30 giidr

A Synopsis of the Current Scenario of Diabetes Mellitus in Pakistan Rumla Khan Murtaza Hussain Kiran Shehzadi Muhammad Khalid Tipu Healthy Lifestyle Pre-Diabetic Compromised Immunity SARS-CoV-2 Campaigns Incidences Prevalence Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in human history, and it is triggered mostly by two factors: one is genetic and the other environmental. According to the World Health Organization, one in every four individuals is diabetic or pre-diabetic, which is a frightening statistic. During the Coronavirus pandemic, there is also a significant setback in the management of diabetes due to lockdown, many diabetes patients suffered greatly, and unfortunately, a large number of elderly diabetics kicked the bucket after contracting SARSCoV-2 last year as their already compromised immune system could not combat Covid-19. Now, more than ever, there is an urgent need to raise public awareness about the benefits of maintaining a healthy diet and to promote campaigns about how to avoid the onset of diabetes myelitis through lifestyle modifications Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-synopsis-of-the-current-scenario-of-diabetes-mellitus-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2016(I-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393130 2016-12-30 giidr

Review Article on Anti-Microbial Resistance: Global Approach Rafia Inam Aqsa Ameen Mubashar Rehman Antimicrobial Resistance Antibiotics Microbes Infections The rapid change in the failure of antimicrobial therapy due to an increase in the number of infections caused by antimicrobial resistance and the commencement of comprehensive resistant strains robustly claim detection of appliances causing the improvement of drug resistance. In this article, we review the double tactics to decrease antimicrobial resistance infections in hospitals by the improvement of hospital infection prevention and control (IPC) and Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs and their gradually significant part in decreasing the feast of antibiotic resistance using an ethical framework that enables clinicians and to appraise policies for rational use of an antibiotic in six practical steps. Though the procedure of bacteriophages and antibodies has been partially applied, further encouraging plans, such as probiotics and antimicrobial peptides, are under improvement. Novel approaches such as genetically modified phages and CRISPRCas9 also converse, and plasmid curing and anti-plasmid methods might reduce ARG existence and alert bacteria about antibiotics. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/review-article-on-antimicrobial-resistance-global-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2016(I-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393131 2016-12-30 giidr

Advancement in Immunotherapy for Cancer Cells Tehreem Haider Syed Faeez ul Hassan Naqvi Mahnoor Nadeem Gul Shehnaz Immunotherapy Cancer Immune Response Immunomodulatory Agents Combination Therapy Immunotherapy has always been scrutinized to its extent when it comes to having a promising cure for cancer. Advancement in this field is ever growing with the new immunomodulatory agents being discovered or modified along with their complete characterization extracted from plants and fungi as well. Due to the lack of complete understanding of either the structure or the mechanism by which they work, very few of them pass the clinical trial phases and reach the market. Nevertheless, scientists have not stopped working on understanding the tumor behavior and various immune responses related to it to come up with therapeutically potential immunomodulatory agents. Current agents are also being used in combination with other therapies to enhance the anti-tumour effect and to achieve better efficacy in the treatment. The intricate connection of immune responses and tumor behavior surely intrigues the scientists, which paves the way for better agents being poured Cancer Immunotherapy. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.(Corresponding Author) 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/advancement-in-immunotherapy-for-cancer-cells https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2016(I-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393132 2017-12-30 giidr

The Importance of Selection of Neuromodulation Therapy in Neurodegenerative Disorders Mubashar Rehman Syeda Komal Fatima Nida Rashid Sana Ali Zahra Neuromodulation therapies Deep brain stimulation (DBS) Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (TNS) Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Neuromodulation therapies generally deal with the provision of pain management, treatment of movement disorders, seizure control by the utilization of brain-controlled devices to individuals with compromised movement. Recent advancement in optogenetics has led to the development of techniques to explore the neural circuitry & biomarkers to track the progression of disease in neurodegenerative disorders. Further advancements contributing to neuromodulation therapies include engineering of nanotechnology, advances in genetics, exome sequencing and novel imaging techniques to detect connectivity deficits in motor and sensory networks that have been associated with neurological disorders. The following six neuromodulation therapies will be discussed in detail herein reference to neurologist awareness, candidate selection, and barriers to treatment. This article highlights the appropriate selection of neuromodulation therapy in the management of chronic pain and neurodegenerative orders that can lead to short-term and longterm clinical benefits. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.(Corresponding Author) Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/the-importance-of-selection-of-neuromodulation-therapy-in-neurodegenerative-disorders https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393133 2017-12-30 giidr

Declined Drug Susceptibility Mechanisms against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Shabana Gulzar Toor Mohammad Faizan Asif Hafsa Abbas Gul Shehnaz Tuberculosis Drug resistance Mechanism of Action Mutations Anti-microbial treatment is extensively used in conventional tuberculosis treatment, leading to resistance development. In this review, we summarized the mode of action and susceptibility protocols of anti-Tubercular drugs. An effort to elucidate the role of genetic variations, cell membrane adaptions, and efflux pump modalities in treatment failure will be an asset in devising prospective strategies. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/declined-drug-susceptibility-mechanisms-against-mycobacterium-tuberculosis https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2017(II-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393134 2017-12-30 giidr

Advancements in the Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches of Hepatitis C Virus Sameena Zehussain Muhammad Ilyas Ayesha Ahmad Mubashar Rehman Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Electrochemical Immunosensors Geno Sensor Vaccination Nontechnology HCV virus has been a worldwide health-issue with noted expectancy ranging from 0.6% to 10% depending on geographical factors, and an estimated 71 million individuals worldwide are infected with this chronic virus. Diagnostic methods comprise HCV RNA test, Geno sensor, and laboratory testing, etc. With time there has been an immense number of advancements in HCV treatment. It started with the use of non-beneficial acyclovir to the introduction of interferons with incredible positive effects to cure hepatitis C patients. In this paper, we will review various classes of antiHCV medications (PEGylated Interferon/RBV, DAA, and HTAs). Nanotechnology is a hallmark in the latest therapies involved in the management of HCV sufferers. WHO, in its Global health sectors strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021, hopes to reduce the spreading of this virus by 90% up-to year 2030. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.(Corresponding Author) 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/advancements-in-the-diagnostic-and-treatment-approaches-of-hepatitis-c-virus https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2017(II-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393135 2017-12-30 giidr

An Insight of Mechanism of Action of Four Anti-Cancer Drugs Gul Shehnaz Sana Ali Zahra Syeda Komal Fatima Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs Apoptosis Tumor Suppressor Gene Invasion Metastasis Cancer being a multifarious disease, can be mutated in many ways so that it can enhance the process of proliferation, invasion through an overactive cellular cycle and cell division and by antibacterial and chemotherapeutic drugs is highly guaranteed. The cells can prevent the development of apoptosis by the absence of (TP53) protein i-e tumor suppressor gene, in the necrosis, inflammatory signals especially that invade immune cells, which promote invasion and malignancy. Cancer cells can form their own factors and growth ligands which may include the peptides such as Bombesin (secreted by the small cells in lung cancer). It activates both the invasion and the metastasis by forming changes in shape and attachment to the outer matrix of neighboring cell. The paper presents classes of anti-mitotic compounds, the overview of the molecular mechanism of action of anti-mitotic agents, including Bevacizumab, trastuzumab, Mechlorethamine and paclitaxel, and a demonstration of many other anti-mitotic chemical limitations. Humanity Publications Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.(Corresponding Author) Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/an-insight-of-mechanism-of-action-of-four-anticancer-drugs https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2017(II-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393136 2017-12-30 giidr

A Review on the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B and C Infection Marriam Zahid Ayesha Hamid Aleenah Asad Mubashar Rehman Hepatitis Disease Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Infection Infection Control Treatment Viral hepatitis B and Viral hepatitis C are one of the leading causes of disease and death in the present-day world. These viruses greatly affect the liver by causing inflammation, cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and even causes the death of affected individuals. It requires highly cautious treatment to resolve complications associated with it, including abnormal levels of serological molecules of specific antigens, antibodies and liver enzymes. The treatment involves the use of antiviral agents that fight against viral antigens, reverses the progression of the disease and also prevents morbidity. Further reading takes towards the development of safe and effective antiviral agents and other regimens for lessening complications and ensuring patient compliance. Moreover, vaccines are also available that fight against the virus and act to prevent the emergence of viral hepatitis. Future developments are today in clinical trials to produce safer and efficacious agents to combat and prevent this disease. Humanity Publications Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-review-on-the-management-of-chronic-hepatitis-b-and-c-infection https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2017(II-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393137 2018-12-30 giidr

A Study on Different Conventional Techniques to Withdraw Blood from Experimental Animals Nida Rashid Ayesha Ahmed Hafsa Shahid Syeda Komal Fatima Mubashir Rehman Blood Collection Anti-Coagulants Blood Samples Rats Rabbit Guinea Pigs Mice Blood collection from experimental animals is a common yet crucial procedure that requires immense care and professional experience to ensure propriety and successful trials in the experimental procedure. This article overviews different methods for blood collection, terminal and non-terminal, in different experimental animals, mainly rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Different sites for the collection of blood have been discussed, along with the pros and cons of administering via these sites. Lastly, it is discussed that the site of selection depends on the sample volume required and the purpose of the experimental procedure; these factors are also discussed in detail in this review article. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-study-on-different-conventional-techniques-to-withdraw-blood-from-experimental-animals https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2018(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393138 2019-12-30 giidr

Recent Advances in the Treatment of Tuberculosis Infection Ravish Faiz Khansha Chaudary Rabia Saeed Gul Shehnaz Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT960) Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST) Human Immuno Defficiency Virus (HIV) Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) Tuberculosis (TB) Extensively Drug-Resistant T Tuberculosis (TB) is a centuries old disease which is quite prevalent throughout the world caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease kills more people every year than other infectious diseases despite the existence of an effective treatment. This treatment has been available since 1940, which means its existence spans over more than fifty years now. The development of antimicrobial resistance is one of the challenges facing the struggle to stem the tide of this lethal outbreak. The wider range of this disease is linked to few functional factors which include lack of public awareness, patient monitoring and follow-up. The prevalence of great progress and advancement in medical technology and research calls for greater efforts. This review article considers trends prevailing all around the globe in the ailments from a comprehensive perspective. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/recent-advances-in-the-treatment-of-tuberculosis-infection https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393139 2019-12-30 giidr

Role of BNP and Pro-BNP as Prognostic Factors in Predicting the Mortality of Patients of Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) Arooj Shahid Muhammad Saadullah Khan Syeda Komal Fatima Amina Bibi Natriuretic Peptides Prognostic Factors B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Heart Failure CHF Mortality Rate Diseases like heart failure is quite serious as the indications are not very clear to declare about its prognosis in the patient. This review depicts a study about the use of Btype natriuretic peptide levels to make an estimate about different heart functions. These calculations are very useful in the prognosis of heart diseases changes in functions of diastole. BNP and ANP are the natriuretic peptides that are reported to be raised in dysfunction of left ventricles. BNP and NT-proBNP are the markers whose levels can be observed in plasma serum are being used because of the available tests and assays on commercial scale. By the prognostic comparison study of NT-proBNP and BNP for the clinical diagnosis of HF disclosed that no statistical difference was found between them. Humanity Publications Pharm-D, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Pharm-D, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Pharm-D, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Chief Pharmacist, Federal Government Polyclinic Institute, Islamabad. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/role-of-bnp-and-probnp-as-prognostic-factors-in-predicting-the-mortality-of-patients-of-chronic-heart-failure-chf https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393140 2019-12-30 giidr

Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease Gul Shehnaz Mahnoor Zahra Doua Ilyas Aneeqa Hamida Leishmaniasis Prevalence Treatment Control Leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease in the world as declared by WHO. At least 89 countries are affected, risking lives of 350 million people resulting in 70,000 deaths annually. It is spread to human beings and animals by bite of sandflies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. The disease is more prevalent in the poverty-stricken populations. In Pakistan, the most affected province is KPK. Despite its global occurrence, it is not a very life-threatening disease except visceral leishmaniasis in which death can occur in immunocompromised patients. The only satisfactory treatment is through intravenous antimonials. Vaccine is not yet available but environmental control of sandfly can help in prevention of leishmaniasis. There is a dire need of improving the existing conventional therapy but the neglection of the disease has led to lack of financial support for the development of a novel drug. Humanity Publications Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/leishmaniasis-a-neglected-tropical-disease https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393141 2019-12-30 giidr

Worldwide Epidemiology of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria and its Clinical Management Iqra Riaz Mehek Muhammad Amina Bibi Plasmodium Vivax Malaria Epidemiology Long Incubation P. Vivax Prevention P. Vivax Treatment Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the most common vector-borne parasitic infections worldwide. P. vivax clinical manifestations include lung injury, renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction and extreme thrombocytopenia etc. P. vivax contributes around 70% of malaria cases in Pakistan with variable severity, but 47% of total severe vivax malaria cases have been reported in India. Elimination of P. vivax is very difficult because of its ability to form dormant stages of the liver. Insecticidetreated nets and insecticides are used to control malaria in malaria-endemic regions. Chloroquine is used as the first line of the agent in P. vivax malaria treatment. ACTs are also very effective because of their fast medical and parasitological response than that of chloroquine. Due to increasing drug resistance among P. vivax, scientists have tested with mass drug administration to eradicate malaria. In spite of all this, the P. vivax vaccine would be the last resort in the eradication of P. vivax malaria. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Students, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Chief Pharmacist, Federal Government Polyclinic Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/worldwide-epidemiology-of-plasmodium-vivax-malaria-and-its-clinical-management https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(IV-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393142 2019-12-30 giidr

A Literature Review of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Its epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Prevalence and Treatment Sana Asghar Syeda Komal Fatima Nida Javaid Naiha Tahir Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Crohn’s Disease Ulcerative Colitis Treatment Epidemiology. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of two major inflammatory problems, which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Both are inflammatory conditions of the alimentary canal, but ulcerative colitis mostly affects the rectum and colon, whereas Crohn disease affects the small intestine, large intestine, oesophagus and anus. This article highlights the causes, major role of genetic factors, the epidemiology, clinical implications, and treatment options available to deal with IBD. Humanity Publications Undergrad 8th Semester, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Pharm D Graduate, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad 8th Semester, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergrad 8th Semester, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-literature-review-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd-its-epidemiology-genetics-pathogenesis-prevalence-and-treatment https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(IV-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393143 2020-12-30 giidr

A Deep Insight on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Indexes (Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28), ESR, CRP, Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Patient Global Health) a Syed Faaez Ul Hassan Naqvi Gul Shehnaz Rheumatoid Arthritis TNFi DAS28 Anti - CCP IL - 17A Rheumatoid arthritis as one of the autoimmune diseases is more prevalent now than ever before. Being more common in women than men, RA has been focused by researchers to invent a therapeutic agent for effective clinical response. Various Diagnostic biomarkers are being used for early diagnosis of RA depending upon their selectivity and specificity. Certain indexes for RA disease activity evaluation are used for assessment of disease on a continuous scale. Disease activity Score combined with laboratory data result and imaging technologies makes the decision of treatment strategies easier than before. Traditionally, TNFi are the most used agents since a decade and first choice of treatment by clinicians, however, combination therapy with DMARD is used in inadequate responders. Despite all the advancements in treatment of RA and proved remission possibility using latest biological agents, studies are needed to ensure quick clinical outcomes and remission probability in larger fraction of people. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. (Corresponding Author) 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-deep-insight-on-rheumatoid-arthritis-indexes-disease-activity-score https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393144 2020-12-30 giidr

A Review on the Advancements in COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines Development Duaa Aslam Chaudhry Kainat Waqar COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Treatment Vaccines Patients Clinical The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic that is caused by novel SARS-CoV-2 has taken the life of millions of people around the globe and has put a challenge on the whole world for identifying and developing the best possible therapies for preventing and treating this deadly infection. Clinical study and health policy and clinical interventions are required for advancements in the effective and safe treatment and prevention of COVID-19 disease. Many drugs have been tested in clinical trials for their effectiveness and safety against COVID-19. Among them, some have shown promising effects like remdesivir, the only COVID-19 drug approved by FDA till now, dexamethasone, monoclonal antibodies, etc. Biological agents have also been shown to be effective against the virus, such as tocilizumab, convalescent plasma, and interferon. The most effective medical intervention for COVID-19 is a vaccination which is currently in a development phase at a rapid pace. However, two vaccines have been authorized by the FDA and a number of vaccines are in their final clinical phase. This paper will analyze all the current advancements within the treatment against the COVID-19. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-review-on-the-advancements-in-covid19-treatments-and-vaccines-development https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393145 2020-12-30 giidr

A Bird's Eye of the Situation of Poliomyelitis in World: Past, Present and Future Strategies towards Polio Eradication from Pakistan Tooba Tariq Maham Ahsan Mubashar Rehman Neelum Wazir Tanveer Ahmed Khan Communicable Disease Poliomyelitis Eradication Polio Immunization Humanity has faced numerous calamities, natural disasters, and even the outbreaks of numerous communicable diseases since the dawn of time, and poliomyelitis is one of these diseases. The first cases of the disease occurred in the 1940s, alerting the health authorities and experts to create a vaccine to improve children's immunity to the virus. Since then, polio workers all across the globe are trying their best to create awareness about the importance of polio vaccination which is especially needed in the tribal areas of Pakistan because the people living there are mostly backward and illiterate who do not vaccinate their children due to safety concerns as well as religious and general misbeliefs about the vaccine. The focus of these campaigns is to make sure that every child in Pakistan and Afghanistan is properly vaccinated to stop the transmission of the virus by the year 2022. Humanity Publications Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Saulat Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-birds-eye-of-the-situation-of-poliomyelitis-in-world-past-present-and-future-strategies-towards-polio-eradication-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Literature Review of The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer Nida Javaid Sana Asghar Zainab Yasmeen Malignancies Metastasis Mutation Victim Localized Among the endocrine malignancies, thyroid cancer is the most commonly occurring and increasing around the globe. Inspite of prognosis, about 5-10% people become victim of differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer is basically uncontrolled division of cells. These rapidly developing cells become toxic for the body of patient once they start travelling from place to another because in such situation the early diagnosis even does not benefit while in case of localized cancer, chances of survival increase. In thyroid cancer, patient becomes aggressive abruptly with developing metastasis. In case of gene mutations, every patient got a different mutated gene from other against which several medicines have been under consideration. This review has been put together to overview the disease, its etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment methods. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.(Corresponding Author) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-literature-review-of-the-epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-treatment-of-thyroid-cancer https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393147 2020-12-30 giidr

An Overview on the Ongoing Clinical Trials of COVID-19 Vaccines Syeda Komal Fatima Ameena Tur Rasool Ayesha Sabir Gul Shahnaz COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Clinical Trial Vaccine Resistance Clinical Endpoint COVID-19 has posed a great threat to mankind, there is a dire need to introduce a vaccine to combat this global pandemic. Several vaccines are underway to complete their phase 3 clinical trials. This article highlights events surrounding the ongoing clinical trials of vaccines effective against COVID-19, and different procedures and formalities the vaccine will have to endure to get EUA. Clinical trials are discussed stepwise along with the clinical endpoint desired at the end of these trials. In line with antimicrobial resistance, vaccine resistance has also emerged in this era and needs focused consideration, and the probability of development of resistance in these vaccines is discussed. This article specifically covers the latest research reporting clinical efficacy, safety profile, and adverse events following the administration of doses to patients and concerns regarding the rushed approval of vaccines. Four vaccines have been discussed in detail; BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Sputnik V, ChAdOx1. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.(Corresponding Author) 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/an-overview-on-the-ongoing-clinical-trials-of-covid19-vaccines https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393148 2021-06-30 giidr

Virtual Clinical Trials: An Overview Parsa Gul Warda Arooj Kausar Zarmash Noorzai Zia-ur-Rehman Amina Bibi Virtual Trials Emerging Technologies Patient-Centred Care Digital Globe Challenges The production of successful and promising innovation in pharmaceutical and clinical care delivery is subjected to factual and efficient clinical trials. The most crucial step for a successful trial is dependent on subject participation. The extent of subject participation has a high impact on the conclusions of a trial. The biggest challenges with the conventional trials are patient enrollment and retention, inefficiency, costly and timeconsuming methods. A new concept of digitalizing the clinical research process, Virtual Clinical Trials (VCTs), has captured the attention of researchers with its phenomenal time and cost-saving attributes along with the advantage of data collection from multiple sources, ease of access to restricted study sites breaking the location barriers, increased patient retention and automated data collection. The concept of virtual trials is not fully explored yet and seems to face various challenges but is expected to revolutionize the methods of clinical research with its potential benefits. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Chief Pharmacist, Federal Government Polyclinic Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/virtual-clinical-trials-an-overview https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393149 2021-06-30 giidr

A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan Marriam Zahid Ayesha Hamid Aleenah Asad Badar-un-nisa Amina Bibi Pneumonia Paediatric Disease Pakistan Guidelines Pneumonia is a respiratory disease that can be life-threatening when worsened or not treated properly. There are various standard guidelines, including WHO guidelines for the management of Pneumonia, for both children and adults as well as for the geriatric patients, based upon individualized therapy to each patient. These guidelines ensure the rational use of medications so as to target and achieve definite patient outcomes. Further reading will take towards such standard guidelines specifically for the management of paediatric Pneumonia and will assess the extent to which the stated guidelines are followed in different areas of Pakistan. Moreover, this review article will also emphasize the gaps that lead to irrational use of the medications in Pakistan and will highlight the strategies and plans that can be adopted at community and national levels to implement rational drug use for direct patient care and definite patient outcomes. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Chief Pharmacist, Federal Government Polyclinic Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-review-on-the-clinical-guidelines-to-pediatric-pneumonia-and-assessment-of-the-extent-to-which-these-guidelines-are-followed-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:393150 2021-06-30 giidr

Reporting Antimalarial Resistance in Southeast Asia Hadia Hussayn Hina Ayub Zia Ullah Gul Shehnaz Antimalarial Resistance Southeast Asia Malaria is still on the rise and affecting millions each year. The main reason is the development of resistance against the existing treatments and the requirement of the new regimen. Various areas in Southeast Asia have shown adverse health complications due to drug resistance. The transmission of malaria takes place through the Anopheles mosquito, and it is treated by antimalarial drugs that intercept the parasite's actions at different stages of its life cycle. Resistance to most drugs occurs due to genomic changes, which help the parasite survive against antimalarial drugs. It can be prevented by timely diagnosis and effective dose surveillance. No vaccine has been developed yet. Whereas newer treatments and approaches are underway. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/reporting-antimalarial-resistance-in-southeast-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Review of Updates on Vaccines and Treatment Options for Covid-19 Naiha Tahir Ayema Rehman Muhammad Zain Mubashir Rehman Covid-19 SARS-CoV-2 Treatment Methods Current Management The novel Coronavirus knew as Covid 19 or SARS-CoV-2, is a newly discovered virus responsible for the huge global pandemic infecting the human race at a deadly pace. This is an RNA enveloped virus that targets the human respiratory system severely while damaging other major systems. Covid 19 pandemic is similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) endemic and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but this one is spreading at a fire-speed. The outbreak was known as pneumonia in the beginning; however, it became a threat later on, owing to its high contagion rate. The origin of this virus was sought to be from the seafood wholesale market, very popular in the city of Wuhan. This review has been put together to overview the disease, its etiology, clinical features and treatment methods. The focal point of this review is to highlight the current management of this disease. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-review-of-updates-on-vaccines-and-treatment-options-for-covid19 https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Management of COVID-19 in Different Countries Aiman Noor Haideri Amber Sani Aymen Azhar Muhammad Khalil Ihsan Ul Haq Management Strategy Flattening the Curve Raise the Line Containment Strategy Lockdown Implementation Socioeconomic Aspects Covid-19 is a category B type infection, but it has created a serious threat across the globe because the pandemic spread more quickly than any other in history. Before the spring festival, the epidemic in China just begun. Different measures, including mobilization of health care workers, building new hospitals and imposing the lockdown, were undertaken to minimize the spread. In South Korea, the measures were implemented under strong and coordinated government leadership. The developing countries, including India and Iran, have taken the steps like travel limitations, specified hospitals, testing laboratories, quarantine facilities, awareness campaigns and lockdown, which aided a great deal in taking the flooding tide of diseases back to a controllable level. Also, educational institutions, industrial establishments and hospitality services for other patients were suspended for the sake of critically ill Covid-19 patients. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/management-of-covid19-in-different-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Review on the Continually Occurring Mutations in COVID-19 Arfa Tehzeeb Maham Asif Raisa Iqbal Warda Arooj Kausar Mubashar Rehman COVID-19 Mutated Strain Vaccine Development The emerging pandemic situation has created unease and dismay at every level, from governing bodies to population and from pharmaceutical manufacturers to front-line servers. Everyone is scarified by the death-dealing and ruinous effects of COVID-19. The encouraging and positive news about vaccine development and successful trials of vaccine proved to be remedial, but another dilemma arises in the form of mutation of the deadly virus. Question marks are arising about the lethality of mutated strain, lack of management and protective measures by the governing bodies, and ambiguities are aroused about the effectiveness of vaccines against them. After an all-inclusive and particularized study and genomic examination of the virus, the researchers have put forward the details that Coronavirus Mutation is Worrying but Not Terrifying. The upshot is that it is required to screen, but at present, their mark suggests that the new strain in the UK is more transmissible but neither severe nor resistant. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-review-on-the-continually-occurring-mutations-in-covid19 https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Risk Factors and Management of Bacterial Meningitis Mahnoor Khan Maham Jahangir Khadija Ahmadi Meningitis S. Pneumoniae HIV Serotype Meningitis is the infection of the spinal cord and brain. Bacterial meningitis is a great public health concern, especially in immunocompromised patients and children, particularly in underdeveloped counties. There are various types of bacterial meningitis (pneumococcal, meningococcal, listeria monocytogenes, neonatal, Hemophilus) having different rates of incidences and etiological agents. It occurs when bacteria get into the bloodstream from the nose, sinuses and ear. s. Infants and children are more susceptible to bacterial meningitis; similarly, alcoholics, smokers, malnutrient people, people with HIV and TB are at higher risks of this infection; all these factors must be taken into account to determine its severity. The diagnosis has critical importance and is considered one of the most urgent microbial medical emergencies. The use of vaccines is essential to eradicate this disease from the globe. This article highlights the risk factors, current diagnosis, treatment options and management plans in terms of bacterial meningitis. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/risk-factors-and-management-of-bacterial-meningitis https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Epidemiology to Advancement in Treatment Amber Sani M. Khalil-ur-Rehman Aqsa Saleem Raza Muhammad Khalid Tipu Hepatocellular Carcinoma Epidemiology Risks Staging Systems Treatment Hepatocellular carcinoma is a heterogenous malignant tumor that is known as the deadliest cancer worldwide due to its complexities. Most of the time, it occurs with underlying liver complications, including cirrhosis. The most predominant risk factors in HCC development are cirrhosis and chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Its complexities pose multiple challenges in diagnostic and therapeutic measures. In recent years, a huge rise in cases is seen in non-traditional countries such as North America and European regions rather than Japan and China. Herein, our aim is to give an overview of the latest information about hepatocellular carcinoma regarding its epidemiology, risk factors, biomarkers, staging, diagnosis, and treatment. Humanity Publications Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/hepatocellular-carcinoma-from-epidemiology-to-advancement-in-treatment https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2021(VI-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:394812 2018-12-30 giidr

Review: Drug Dissolution and Solubility Najam ul Hassan Maria Naz Bakhtiari Dur E Nayab Gul Shahnaz Dissolution Solubility Oral Drug Delivery The review's goals are to: a) provide a clear overview of current solubility and dissolution science, b) describe common technologies for assessing solubility and dissolution, and c) recommend the best practice technique. The theories of solubility and dissolution that are required in drug development have been examined, with an emphasis on oral absorption. Dissolution had been elaborated with the equation. Low-water solubility drugs have slow rates of dissolving, which leads to issues with oral bioavailability. Insufficient bioavailability is frequently caused by poorly water-soluble medicines' weak solubility and slow rate of dissolution in aqueous gastrointestinal fluids. Noyes Whitney's equation has been discussed and elaborated in this review. Solubility concepts are revised. Significance points of both dissolution and solubility are related to the oral absorption of drugs. Humanity Publications Pharm-D, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.phil, Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. M.phil, Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/review-drug-dissolution-and-solubility https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2018(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:394150 2022-12-30 giidr

Virtual Clinical Trials: An Overview Parsa Gul Warda Arooj Kausar Zarmash Noorzai Zia-ur-Rehman Noorzai Amina Bibi Virtual Trials Emerging Technologies Patient-Centred Care Digital Globe Challenges The production of successful and promising innovation in pharmaceutical and clinical care delivery is subjected to factual and efficient clinical trials. The most crucial step for a successful trial is dependent on subject participation. The extent of subject participation has a high impact on the conclusions of a trial. The biggest challenges with the conventional trials are patient enrollment and retention, inefficiency, costly and time-consuming methods. A new concept of digitalizing the clinical research process, ‘Virtual Clinical Trials’ (VCTs), has captured the attention of researchers with its phenomenal time and cost-saving attributes along with the advantage of data collection from multiple sources, ease of access to restricted study sites breaking the location barriers, increased patient retention and automated data collection. The concept of virtual trials is not fully explored yet and seems to face various challenges but is expected to revolutionize the methods of clinical research with its potential benefits. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Undergraduate Student (pharm D) Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Senior Chief Pharmacist, Federal Government Polyclinic Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/virtual-clinical-trials-an-overview https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:394151 2022-12-30 giidr

The Well-being of Healthcare Workers Psychological State Amid COVID-19 Pandemic Syeda Aqsa Waseem Syed Asim Hussain Zulaikha Karim Covid-19 corona virus mental health anxiety stress depression This study's goal was to learn more about the mental health of medical staff members during the pandemic COVID-19.A sample size of 377 participants, including professional physicians, physical therapists, and pharmacists, was taken.SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Frequency and percentage of age of participants, 25-30 years of age showed frequency of55 and 18.3%, 30-35 of age showed 68 frequencies and  22.7%, 40-45 of age showed 60 frequencies and 20.0% and from age 45-50 showed frequency of 49 and 16.3%. Mostly participants have the highest depression scores ranging from 10 to 13 (mild) and total anxiety scores ranging between (10-14 moderate). Mean score of total stress was 1.56±638, total anxiety scored 2.82±753 and total depression scored 1.87±0.692. There moderated anxiety level with mild stress and depression score among health care professionals because in healthcare professionals taken stress regarding health concerns and clinical responsibilities during covid-19. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isra University, Karachi Campus, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Centre for Physical Education, Health & Sports Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor in Health and Physical Education/Principal, Government College of Physical Education, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/the-wellbeing-of-healthcare-workers-psychological-state-amid-covid19-pandemic https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:394152 2022-12-30 giidr

Reporting Antimalarial Resistance in Southeast Asia Hadia Hussayn Hina Ayub Zia Ullah Gul Shehnaz Antimalarial Resistance Southeast Asia Malaria is still on the rise and affecting millions each year. The main reason is the development of resistance against the existing treatments and the requirement of the new regimen. Various areas in Southeast Asia have shown adverse health complications due to drug resistance. The transmission of malaria takes place through the Anopheles mosquito, and it is treated by antimalarial drugs that intercept the parasite’s actions at different stages of its life cycle. Resistance to most drugs occurs due to genomic changes, which help the parasite survive against antimalarial drugs. It can be prevented by timely diagnosis and effective dose surveillance. No vaccine has been developed yet. Whereas newer treatments and approaches are underway. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/reporting-antimalarial-resistance-in-southeast-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Diabetes Mellitus Fever among the Population of Lahore, Pakistan Ali Akhtar Samreen Fatima Sufyan Junaid Usmani Zunaira Akbar Ovaisullah Shirazi Insulin Type 2 Diabetes Exercise KAP Hereditary Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is expected to increase up to 7.7% and will affect almost 439 million adults globally by 2030. The main aim of the study was to assess the demographic details of diabetic patients and their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding diabetes in Lahore, Pakistan. The prospective cross sectional study was done to know the level of KAP of diabetic population of the city; we visited different hospital’s endocrinology and diabetes departments. Face to face interview was done by using structured questionnaire comprises of total 26 questions. Of the 350 participants 221(63.1%) were women and 129(36.9%) were men. The major age groups were of <39years 106(30.3%), 60> years 83(23.7%) and of 40-49years 89(25.4%). Around 185(52.9%) have done graduation and 29(8.3%) are illiterate. About 231(66%) have type 2 diabetes and 119(34%) suffering from type 1 diabetes. Almost 228(65.1%) admits that they have family history of diabetes. Major cause of diabetes as participants’ claims is hereditary and obesity, both 118(33.7%). The frequent urination and increased thirst and hunger is the symptoms (62.9%). About 187(53.4%) of participants do exercise regularly and 194 (55.4%) follow planned diet. About 157(44.9%) had never any eye examination and 97(27.7%) had never any urine test. Around 236(67.4%) had never any lipid profile test. The study shows that participants have good knowledge of diabetes and have positive attitude towards DM but they have low or average practice scores. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Pharm.D, University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Senior Lecturer, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-regarding-diabetes-mellitus-fever-among-the-population-of-lahore-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan Marriam Zahid Ayesha Hamid Aleenah Asad Badar-un-nisa Amina Bibi Pneumonia Paediatric Disease Pakistan Guidelines Pneumonia is a respiratory disease that can be life-threatening when worsened or not treated properly. There are various standard guidelines, including WHO guidelines for the management of Pneumonia, for both children and adults as well as for the geriatric patients, based upon individualized therapy to each patient. These guidelines ensure the rational use of medications so as to target and achieve definite patient outcomes. Further reading will take towards such standard guidelines specifically for the management of paediatric Pneumonia and will assess the extent to which the stated guidelines are followed in different areas of Pakistan. Moreover, this review article will also emphasize the gaps that lead to irrational use of the medications in Pakistan and will highlight the strategies and plans that can be adopted at community and national levels to implement rational drug use for direct patient care and definite patient outcomes. Humanity Publications Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student (Pharm D), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Chief Pharmacist, Federal Government Polyclinic Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-review-on-the-clinical-guidelines-to-pediatric-pneumonia-and-assessment-of-the-extent-to-which-these-guidelines-are-followed-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A meta-analysis of the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Community-acquired MRSA among Students at Abasyn University in Peshawar, Pakistan Bushra Rehman Hira Ikram Rabiya Nasir Aiman Umar taphylococcus Aureus Community-acquired MRSA Vincomycin Oxyacillin Augmentin Ampicillin Foxittin Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic species in the genus, having been linked to nosocomial infections as well as community-acquired infections. In healthy people, it frequently colonises the skin and mucous membranes asymptomatically, especially the anterior nares. These days, community-acquired MRSA is a significant issue. The goal of the current investigation was to determine MRSA's detrimental consequences in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Fifty samples were gathered from Abasyn University students in Peshawar for this purpose. The samples were taken using sterile nasal swabs, and they were inoculated on nutritional agar medium within eight hours. Catalase and coagulase tests revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty of the fifty samples tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The following antibiotics were used: vincomycin, oxyacillin, augmentin, ampicillin, and foxittin. MRSA prevalence was 76.66%. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of food and Nutrition, Shaheed Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/a-metaanalysis-of-the-prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-communityacquired-mrsa-among-students-at-abasyn-university-in-peshawar-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2023(VIII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analysis of Bolton Ratios in Skeletal Class I Malocclusion and Effects of Various Four-Premolar Extraction Combinations Before and After Treatment Mahnoor Alam Sara Shujaat Syed Raiq Shah Muhammad Saood Tahira Asghar Bolton Ratios 1st Premolar Extractions 5s Extractions This study was conducted to find whether different premolar extraction patterns lead to a change in the Overall Bolton ratio from 0.91 and the Posterior Bolton ratio from 1.05, among the Pakistani population in a skeletal class I malocclusion. This quasi-experimental study took place in Khyber College Of Dentistry, Peshawar. Dental plaster models of the patients with skeletal class 1 malocclusion were collected. A Digital Vernier Caliper was used to calculate the Bolton's ratios. The Bolton ratios were again calculated after hypothetical extractions of all the 1st premolars (4/4), all 5s, upper 4s and lower 5s, and upper 5s and lower 4s. The sample consisted of 12 males and 18 females. The change in Overall Bolton ratios was statistically significant for 4s extractions. For the Posterior Bolton ratio, the 4/4 and 4/5 extraction patterns were significant. Taking out the premolar teeth leads to a statistically significant but clinically insignificant reduction in the Posterior and Overall Bolton ratios in Skeletal class I malocclusion. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, KP, Peshawar, Pakistan. Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-bolton-ratios-in-skeletal-class-i-malocclusion-and-effects-of-various-fourpremolar-extraction-combinations-before-and-after-treatment https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2023(VIII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Molecular Characterization and Evaluation of Amylase Producing Bacteria from Soil Hira Ikram Aiman Umer Muhammad Kashif Bushra Rehman Numan Saleh Zada Sanam Islam Khan Amylase Optical Density Enzyme Assay Bacillus Cerus Bacillus Subtilis Bacillus Stratosphericus In the current work, we used molecular approaches to collect and characterise bacteria that produce amylase from soil. Based on clear zones, three species were separated using iodine agar plates. Then, these bacterial isolates were characterised by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, the bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus cerus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus stratosphericus. In addition, numerous growth parameters were tuned to produce the most amylase possible. For both 24 and 48 hours, the isolates' maximum optical density for growth was seen at pH 7.0. Compared to nitrogen and peptone, all three of the bacterial isolates produced the greatest amount of amylase when maltose was utilised as the carbon source. Further investigation is needed to determine which novel isolates in this site have the highest amylase activity. Our findings indicate that this enzyme has a variety of potential industrial applications. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Biotechnology and microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Research officer, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Senior Scientific Officer, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior Scientific Officer, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/molecular-characterization-and-evaluation-of-amylase-producing-bacteria-from-soil https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2023(VIII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Evaluating Parental Anxiety Levels Associated with Nasoalveolar Molding in Cleft Lip and/or Palate Patients Sundus Shabir Wagma Sardar Syed Raiq Shah Ujala Saif Saira Bilal Zubair Wali Muhammad Anxiety NAM Therapy Cleft Lip Cleft Palate To find out the impact of NAM, gender of the parents or the patients and type of cleft on the anxiety levels of the parents of clp patients.This quasi experimental study included The parents of newborn unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and/or palate patients. The VASA was administered at 30 parents were a part of the study .The mean anxiety level at T0 was greater than at T1,T2 and T3 which was significant. The gender of the patients and the parents did not affect the anxiety levels at various time intervals. Anova test showed that the anxiety levels were not affected by the type of cleft except at T2.The NAM seems to impact the anxiety levels of parents significantly. Also. The gender of the patient or the parents does not have an impact on the anxiety levels. Humanity Publications Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Senior Registrar, Department of Orthodontics, Sardar Begum Dental College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Trainee Medical Officer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/evaluating-parental-anxiety-levels-associated-with-nasoalveolar-molding-in-cleft-lip-andor-palate-patients https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2023(VIII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Coenzyme Q10a and Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction in Patients with PCOS as Compared to Clomiphene Citrate alone Iqra Nadeem Sara Malik Humaira Nasir Sadia Ikram Sana Hassan Poly Cystic Ovary Combined Coenzymeq10a Clomiphene Citrate To evaluate the effects of coenzyme Q10A and clomiphene citrate taken in addition to other drugs to stimulate ovulation in people with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The Department conducted the study of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pakistan Ordinance Factory (POF), Wah Cantonment, Rawalpindi from Mar 2019 to Feb 2021 By using a lottery, all of the patients were split into two random groups. Group A was given Coenzyme Q10A 60mg daily from day 1 of the cycle thrice a day and clomiphene citrate 150mg/day from days 2-6 of the cycle, and Group B was given only clomiphene citrates 150mg/day from 2-6 day of cycle for 5 days. The follicular growth and maturation were observed on days 10, 12, and 14 of the cycle with transvaginal ultrasound. Ovulation was confirmed by measuring serum progesterone level on day 21 of the cycle. Patients were followed for 3 cycles.The mean number of mature follicles in Group A was 1.63+0.49 and 1.3+0.47 in Group B (p-value=0.01). The analysis of either of the groups' ovulation statuses revealed that in 70% of patients (n=21) in Group A and 36.67% (n=11) in Group B, ovulation was initiated (p value= 0.01). We concluded that the outcome of combined coenzymeQ10A and clomiphene citrate is significantly better for patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome; inducing ovulation is more effective with clomiphene citrate alone. Humanity Publications Assistant Consultant, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. Consultant, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shaheen Hospital, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology, POF Hospital, Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. Consultant, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Izzat Ali Shah Hospital, Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Registrar, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/effect-of-coenzyme-q10a-and-clomiphene-citrate-for-ovulation-induction-in-patients-with-pcos-as-compared-to-clomiphene-citrate-alone https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2023(VIII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Isolation, Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Circulating Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Mahnoor Mazhar Rida e Tahreem Akram Maryam Hayat Abou Bakar Siddique Hasooba Hira Shakeela Naheed Characterization; Disease Surveillance; Sandwich ELISA; RT-PCR; Serotypes. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral illness that predominantly affects cloven-hoofed animals. To identify and profile the predominant FMDV serotypes circulating in Baluchistan bovine and buffalo populations. Twenty tissue samples were collected and analyzed using sandwich indirect ELISA and RT-PCR to identify the presence and genetic characteristics of FMD virus. We identified 'O' serotype of FMD virus in all specimens. RT-PCR analysis yielded an impressive 90% positivity rate, confirming its diagnostic efficacy. While observations of LFBK cell line lead to the isolation of 18 distinct viruses with distinct Cytopathic Effects, two samples lacked detectable CPEs. Lower CT values, those observed in sample PK- 16 with CT of 15, indicated higher initial concentration of the target nucleic acid, indicating a potential for higher viral burden.The endemic prevalence of 'O' serotype in Balochistan necessitated targeted serotype-specific interventions, strengthened surveillance and strategic vaccination campaigns. Humanity Publications Research Assistant, Department of Biosciences , COMSAT University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid I Azam Universitry, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Scientific Officer, Pakistan Agricultural Research Institute, Arid Zone Research Institute, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Scientific Officer, Pakistan Agricultural Research Institute, Arid Zone Research Institute, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, PhD Scholar, Department of Zoology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/isolation-genetic-and-antigenic-characterization-of-circulating-foot-and-mouth-disease-virus https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Corn and Wheat Modulated Diet on Hepatic Physiology and Oxidative Stress Levels in Broiler Birds Muhammad Danish Kamal Liver Reactive Oxygen Species Oxidative Stress Antioxidants Transaminases Poultry. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of corn and wheat on broiler liver health. Hundred one-day-old birds were divided into two groups. A standard diet was fed to Group I while corn (50%) with new wheat (50%) was fed to Group II. Blood samples were collected from five birds from each group on the 21st and 35th days to determine serum ALT, TAC, and TOS levels. ALT levels did not show significant differences between the groups on the 21st or 35th day. On the 21st day, Group II had lower TOS levels, with no significant change on the 35th day. TAC levels were similar on the 21st day but lower in Group II on the 35th day. Corn and wheat intake decreases TOS levels without affecting liver function highlighting the potential to improve productivity. Humanity Publications Graduate Scholar, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/impact-of-corn-and-wheat-modulated-diet-on-hepatic-physiology-and-oxidative-stress-levels-in-broiler-birds https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Unlocking the Link: How Information Communication Shapes Life Expectancy and Mortality in Pakistan Majid Ali Muhammad Saboor Sadiq Ammara Asghar Muhammad Yaseen Siddique ICT; Mortality Rate; Life Expectancy; Fixed Telephone Subscriptions. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the interaction between information communication technology and health facilities. To achieve this goal, the panel data set is used from 1971 to 2020 from Pakistan's perspective. The study used pooled OLS, fixed effect estimates, and random effect approaches in its analysis. ICT is a broad topic, thus we quantified it using fixed broadband and fixed telephone subscriptions. Similarly, health is assessed using two standard proxies: life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate.Based on time series data, the study found that information communication technology improved health outcomes significantly. Health and life expectancy will improve as technology progresses, but death rates will fall. As economic technology advances, people connect more and create healthy relationships, improving their health. Information and communication technology improve public health overall. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. MBBS, Federal Medical and Dental College, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Economics, Govt Graduate College Asghar Mall Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/unlocking-the-link-how-information-communication-shapes-life-expectancy-and-mortality-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Lower Dir Pakistan Zahid Khan Usman Ullah Ayesha Sultan Uzma Iqbal Muhammad Rizwan Cardiovascular disease Type 2 diabetes mellitus higher age duration of T2DM treatment type. One of the most prevalent complications of type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) is cardiovascular disease (CVD) which is themajor cause of death. This study aims to assess the incidence and associated risk factors of CVD among T2DM patients at selected hospitals of Tehsil Adenzia, District Lower Dir. A structured questionnaire is designed for the collection of data from type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 1360 subjects are selected from the study area. Data is analyzed by Minitab version 19. The prevalence of CVD among T2DM is 20.04% in the selected sample. The logistic regression model is used to identify factors associated with CVD in diabetic patients. The model shows that higher  age, duration of T2DM, and treatment taken are significant risk factors for CVD among T2DM patients. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu, China. Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Virtual University, Islamabad, Pakistan. National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of Statistics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-of-cardiovascular-disease-among-type-2-diabetes-patients-in-lower-dir-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Nanoparticles Mediated Plant Genetic Engineering: Emerging Field with Promising Applications Nadia Iqbal Babur Ali Akbar Nayab Taskeen Muhammad Mubashar Nanoparticles Plant Genetic Engineering Genetic Modification Biotechnology Agricultural Innovation Gene Delivery. Nanobiotechnology significantly enhances plant genetic engineering procedures by using nanocarriers such as metal, carbon-based, and polymeric nanoparticles to transfect and transport nucleic acids and proteins to deliver genes with maximum efficiency and translation. It improves the ability of the plants to be transformed using Agrobacterium, poses gradual serious limitations concerning the transfer of genes, and enhances the tolerance of plants to stress. One example is gene editing Crispr/Cas which uses nanoparticles to promote appropriate procedures.In addition, by using nanosensors and nanodevices in practical work it is rather possible to control in the real-time province of gene expression as well as everything occurring around the modified organism, which in turn helps to increase the efficiency of producing genetic modifications. This development can also improve the quality of the harvested crops, and the production yield, play a role in fight against food shortage that is prevalent in the global world like today. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE -C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences PIEAS, Islamabad,Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant transgenic laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Soybean genomics Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), Transformation Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/nanoparticles-mediated-plant-genetic-engineering-emerging-field-with-promising-applications https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Low-Dose High-Frequency Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) Training Intervention on Knowledge and Skills of Community Midwives Nadia Sultana Santosh Kumar Shahzad Bashir Low Dose High Frequency Helping Babies Breathe Training Intervention. This study is intended to assess the effectiveness of a low-dose high-frequency Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) training intervention on the knowledge and skills of community midwives in the four private secondary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. This study used a quantitative research approach, using randomized controlled trials. The target population was Community midwives. A simple random sampling method was used and 94 participants were selected. The primary investigator (PI) has randomized the institution out of four study settings. Two from interventional group and two from controlled group. The duration of the study was four months, from October 2022 to February 2023. The developed and pre-tested modules and instruments were used which has 18 items. The score compared on knowledge before and after initial HBB training and after 2 months. Study results revealed that there was a significant difference present in the pair of pre-post, pre-follow- up, and post-follow-up phases. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate professor, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-lowdose-highfrequency-helping-babies-breathe-hbb-training-intervention-on-knowledge-and-skills-of-community-midwives https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Development and Evaluation of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (Pam) for Patients with Drop Foot Rimsha Shafiq Saad Saleem Awais Aslam Hafeez-ul-Rehman Drop Foot Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Ankle Foot Orthosis Gait Improvement Randomized Controlled Trial Assistive Technology. This study aimed to develop a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) model to improve foot function and walking in podiatric patients with foot drop caused by neurological diseases. Determine the PAM for patients who know as compared to AFO and which is more effective. The PAM model was utilized to assist four-foot drop patients with foot drop for 12 weeks, with data collected through documentation and questionnaires for statistical analysis. PAM improves performance in foot drop patients, reduces pain, disability, and foot resistance, and increases overall comfort and function. PAM systems enhance user safety, mobility, and flexibility, necessitating ongoing research and development to enhance design, management, usability, and reliability for clinical use. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Superior University, Lahore, Pubjab, Pakistan. Manager Research & Quality, Chal Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/development-and-evaluation-of-pneumatic-artificial-muscle-pam-for-patients-with-drop-foot https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring the Anthropological Dynamics of Tuberculosis Transmission Muhammad Khan Niazi Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Tuberculosis Anthropological Dynamics Cultural Beliefs Socioeconomic Factors Stigma Social Networks Public Health. TB is truly one of the major public health concerns, with transmission dynamics being quite complex and very much influenced by anthropological factors. Specifically, in this research paper, the researcher investigates the social and cultural backgrounds that shape TB transmission by exploring how human behavior, cultural beliefs, and socioeconomic factors interconnect to preserve the spread of the TB disease. In the depth of available literature review and ethnographic fieldwork, this study exposes complex anthropological dynamics that sustain the transmission of TB, showing how social and cultural factors call for a more nuanced understanding. Focal group discussions were how the researcher used to work. Among the main findings brought out by the researcher include the cultural beliefs and practices that influence health-seeking behavior and socioeconomic factors. The research shows that anthropological insight is indispensable in the development of effective, culturally sensitive interventions in the struggle against tuberculosis. Humanity Publications MPhil scholar, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor/Chairmain, Department of Anthropology PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-anthropological-dynamics-of-tuberculosis-transmission https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Fundamental Stratification of Communication to Overcome Health Inequities Irfan Arif Communication Public Safety Community Health Health Disparities In this study, the district Narowal, Punjab authorities were polled on a wide range of health inequality-related topics. These included their understanding of the need to address these inequities, the advantages and disadvantages of doing so, and the various approaches they took to the subject. The three focus groups had 47 members, including representatives from the environmental, public safety, and education sectors. As a result, the conversations were recorded on camera, transcribed, and assessed. People's opinions on health disparities varied, according to the survey. This study also found a number of barriers to community health group cooperation and health equity. An effective communication plan should inform the public about the difficulties disadvantaged groups experience and the efforts being made by local governments to address health disparities. In order for successful collaborative initiatives, local public health organizations must take the initiative in identifying and resolving the underlying causes of health inequalities. Humanity Publications Independent Researcher, Health and Medical Science. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/fundamental-stratification-of-communication-to-overcome-health-inequities https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Comparative Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Versus Pulsed Ultrasound Therapy on the Range of Motion in Knee Osteoarthritis Saifullah Khan Durrani Muhammad Atif Khan Noman Ahmed Muhammad Asif Ifra Zameer Knee Osteoarthritis Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) Pulsed Ultrasound Therapy Range of Motion Randomized Controlled Trial Physical Therapy Joint Mobility Pain Management This randomized controlled study compared the effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy and pulsed ultrasound therapy on the range of motion in 40 knee osteoarthritis patients. Divided into two groups of 20, Group A received PEMF therapy, while Group B underwent pulsed ultrasound therapy over an 8-week period. Data analysis using SPSS version 23.0 revealed significant improvements in both groups. The ultrasound group showed an increase in the range of motion from 110.1±1.651 to 113.75±0.786 degrees (p=0.001), and the PEMF group showed an increase from 109.65±1.725 to 113.75±0.786 degrees (p=0.000). Both therapies were effective in improving the range of motion in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The pre and post-operatively range of motion of the US group was 109.65±1.725 degrees and 113.75±0.786 degrees respectively with a p-value of 0.000 which is significant. When assessing range of motion, both ultrasound and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy are used. Humanity Publications Principal & Assistant Professor, Stella College of Medical and Allied Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Principal & Associate Professor, Department of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Principal and Assistant Professor, Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isra University Karachi Campus, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Director & Professor, Department of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Stella College of Medical and Allied Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/comparative-effects-of-pulsed-electromagnetic-field-therapy-versus-pulsed-ultrasound-therapy-on-the-range-of-motion-in-knee-osteoarthritis https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Recent Trends and Emerging Approaches in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Lifestyle Modification, Pharmacotherapy, and Bariatric Surgery Sajida Afzal Iram Akbar Siraj Khan Shakeel Ahmad Asma Muhammad Muhammad Mughees Bariatric Surgery Medication Lifestyle Changes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus New Approaches Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are the two major hallmarks of T2DM, a metabolic disorder that is widely spread and severely threatening global public health. Of interest, treatment options for T2DM are also under significant advancements in the recent past, including medication, bariatric surgery, and lifestyle modifications. In addition, lifestyle therapies, including changes in eating and additional physical activities, substantially improve glycemic control, while pharmacotherapy provides a large number of drugs focusing on different components of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Besides, over the past years, bariatric surgery has also been proposed as a possible alternative for intractable diabetics with extreme obesity. This paper seeks to shed some light on the changing roles in type 2 DM therapy by now revisiting the current modifications; ultimately, it is targeted at reducing the burden of the disease for improved patient outcomes and enlightening policymakers and healthcare professionals on the same. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Biomedical Engineering (Medicine), Shenzhen University, China Union Shenzhen Hospital, East Guangdong, China. Undergraduate, Department of Chemistry Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Manager, Qarshi Herbs Research Center, Qarshi Industry, Hattar, Haripur, KP, Pakiatan. Qarshi University, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan. Deputy Manager, Product and Process Innovation Department, Qarshi industries Hattar, Haripur, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Health Sciences, Northwest Institute of Health Sciences, Peshawar, KP Pakistan. Assistant Manager, Biotechnology Lab (DNA Barcoding and Fingerprinting), Qarshi Research International (Pvt). Ltd, Hattar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/recent-trends-and-emerging-approaches-in-the-treatment-of-type-2-diabetes-lifestyle-modification-pharmacotherapy-and-bariatric-surgery https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Impact of Microsmart Lockdown (MSLD) Strategy on Flattening the Covid-19 Curve in Pakistan Sadiq Ali Natasha Syed Asim Shah COVID-19 Micro Smart Lockdown World Health Organization Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A new coronavirus that emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China has now spread to almost every country on Earth. At the end of February, Pakistan reported its first case. Three weeks after the initial incident, with a total of more than 880 cases, the nation went into lockdown. While a month-long shutdown in Pakistan successfully contained the COVID-19 pandemic, the government gradually lifted the restrictions in late April to ease economic pressures. Using data collected from the National Institute of Health Pakistan's daily status reports, this research examines the consequences of both harsh lockdowns and smart lockdowns in detail. According to our data, the number of instances increased before to the lockdown but decreased after it began. It demonstrated that the lockdown was successful. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Brains Institute, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Brains Institute Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-microsmart-lockdown-msld-strategy-on-flattening-the-covid19-curve-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Innovation of Adjustable Ankle Joint Orthoses for Patients with Flexible Equinus Deformity Laraib Saleh Shah Saad Saleem Sidra Tariq Asra Maqbool Awais Aslam Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) Ankle Joint Dorsiflexion Equinus Deformity Plantarflexion Local Made Ankle Joint The limited dorsiflexion at the ankle joint is characterized by Equinus deformity. It has a large impact on mobility and functionality at all ages. Usually, Achilles tendon stretching and Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFOs) are used as a treatment but have low efficiency and flexibility. Frequently adjustment to AFOs required through dynamic foot positioning makes this treatment very expensive due to repeated molding. An experimental research design was used to measure plantar flexion angles with a goniometer at many follow-ups. This research showed that a decreased plantar flexion angle, this study indicated the effectiveness of locally made adjustable ankle joints. Developing an adjustable ankle joint addresses both the practical and economic challenges of traditional orthotic treatments. This innovation not only provides clinical outcomes but also expands the opportunity to care for patients with equinus deformity. This adjustable joint gives a flexible and cost-effective solution and improves the management of equinus deformity. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & prosthetics) -Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Superior University Lahore, Manager Research and Quality- Chal Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Pakistan Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, ISRA University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS. Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & prosthetics) -Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS. Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & prosthetics) -Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/innovation-of-adjustable-ankle-joint-orthoses-for-patients-with-flexible-equinus-deformity https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395517 2024-06-30 giidr

Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among Patients with Abortion History at Selected Hospitals of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Tuba Ahsan Muhammad Saqib Ali Hassan Muzaffar Ghafoor Muhammad Khalid Mansoor Brucella pregnant women Abortion Rose Bengal Test Elisa Pregnant women may experience spontaneous abortions due to Brucella species, often transmitted through raw milk, animal contact, or infected partners. This study investigated the seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors among pregnant women with a history of abortion in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Conducted in three hospitals, 151 serum samples were screened using the Rose Bengal Agglutination Test, with confirmation via ELISA. Logistic regression and descriptive statistics revealed two positive cases (1.3%; 95% CI). Significant associations with abortion included age, pregnancy stage, trimester, livestock contact, raw milk consumption, male occupation, residence, and socioeconomic status (all p < 0.05). Findings highlight the importance of brucellosis screening in pregnant women with a history of miscarriages or exposure to animals. Public health measures, including household control strategies, education campaigns, and industry-wide eradication efforts, are recommended to mitigate human brucellosis. Humanity Publications Post-graduate Student, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Post-graduate Student, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/seroprevalence-of-brucellosis-among-patients-with-abortion-history-at-selected-hospitals-of-bahawalpur-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Development of Stance Control Orthotic Knee Joint for Improvement of KAFO User Awais Aslam Saad Saleem Hafeez Ul Rehman Waseem Javed Abdul Razzaq Maham Imran Stance Control Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis (SCKAFO) Orthotic Knee Joint Gait Improvement Mobility Enhancement Traditional knee-ankle-foot Orthosis causes irregularities and energy waste because it restricts knee bending when walking. High costs, size, and complexity limit accessibility.To fabricate a low-cost Stance Control Orthotic Knee Joint that allows free knee motion during a swing and resists knee flexion during stance.This was an experimental case study. A 24-year-old male with a paralyzed right leg due to polio was included. Tinetti scale and customized questionnaire were used to assess the risk of falls, dynamic balance, and patient satisfaction.The patient's dynamic balance improved and the risk of falling was also reduced, and the patient was delighted with the use of (SCKAFO).The newly developed stance-control orthotic knee joint offers a more affordable and effective solution, enhancing mobility and quality of life rather than an existing one. Humanity Publications Prosthetist & Orthotist/ MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer,-Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Manager Research and Quality, Chal Foundation, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Prosthetist & Orthotist/ MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Head of Operations, Chal Foundation, Islamabad,Pakistan. Prosthetist and Orthotist, Chal Foundation Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Prosthetist & Orthotist/ MS Scholar, Public Health, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/development-of-stance-control-orthotic-knee-joint-for-improvement-of-kafo-user https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Clinical Spectrum and EEG Findings in Patients with Suspected Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus Ayesha Zubair Khurram Haq Nawaz Muhammad Babar Khan Maham Syed Tayba Zain Shaher Bano Antiepileptic Therapy Electroencephalogram Focal Slowing Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus This study looked at the clinical spectrum as well as EEG results to help diagnose and treat patients with probable non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). Patients were classified into two groups based on the degree of NCSE: mild to moderate and severe and their medical records revealed evidence of epilepsy in the form of rhythmic delta activity and localized slowing or widespread spike-and-wave (WSW) discharges in EEG. Severe NCSE was associated with increased antiepileptic drug use (90 vs 80%), longer treatment duration (10 vs 7days), and higher critical care unit admissions (40vs25%) (p<0.05). EEG data showed a significant increase in the frequency of generalized spike-and-wave discharges (45 vs 30%) and localized slowing (32vs20%) (p<0.05). Furthermore, these patients' neurological recovery was worse and they remained in the hospital longer. Finally, the severity of the NCSE and poor clinical outcomes were substantially linked to specific EEG patterns, especially localized slowing and WSW discharges. Humanity Publications Trainee Neurology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor Neurology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor Neurology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab Pakistan. Trainee Neurology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Resident Neurology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Trainee Neurology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/clinical-spectrum-and-eeg-findings-in-patients-with-suspected-nonconvulsive-status-epilepticus https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effect of Myo-Inositol Supplementation on Anthropometric Parameters among PCOS Women in Gujranwala Mahnoor PCOS Myo-Inositol Weight Anthropometrics BMI WHR Supplementation Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Metabolic and endocrine disorder PCOS affects many premenopausal women. Ovarian dysfunction and androgen excess symptoms and signs explain it. High BMI and WHR, or visceral obesity, are more common in PCOS women. The study aims to evaluate myo-inositol (MI) supplementation on anthropometric measurements in Gujranwala PCOS women. Participants were selected from Life Care Hospital, Gujranwala. Each of the three groups included 30 members. The 3-month intervention concluded. The participants were instructed to consume 2000mg of myo-inositol at night. At the 0, 30, 60, and 90th days of study, weight, height, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio were measured. The study ended with a comparison of pre-and post-intervention findings. The study found that Myo-inositol considerably(p<0.0001) improved anthropometric parameters. Weight, BMI, and WHR decreased among participants, although significant differences exist between groups(P<0.005) despite minimal variation in mean values. This study found that feeding PCOS women MI decreased weight, BMI, and WHR. Humanity Publications Consultant Dietitian and Nutritionist, NUR International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/effect-of-myoinositol-supplementation-on-anthropometric-parameters-among-pcos-women-in-gujranwala https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Molecular Characterization of Hospital and Livestock Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA Nida Khanim Shagufta Muhammad Hanif Amina Siddiqua Kashf Tanveer Fakhra Bashir MRSA Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Typing Zoonotic Transmission Healthcare-Associated Infections CA-MRSA HA-MRSA LA-MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA is a major public health concern because of its resistance to antibiotics, and its pathogenicity to human beings as well as animals. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency and the molecular characteristics of MRSA in hospital, community, and livestock settings. Specimens were obtained from a variety of settings such as patients, healthcare personnel, livestock, and the environment. In order to demonstrate the strains, the molecular typing techniques were used. The studies show that in hospital settings there are still high rates of MRSA infection including certain types such as ST 239 while outside the health facility, CA-MRSA is on the rise with frequent strain being the USA300. Farm animals were found to be carriers of livestock-associated MRSA especially the CC398 strain, showing the zoonotic risk of MRSA. Humanity Publications Mphil Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. Mphil Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University Arts and Science Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Mphil Scholar, Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Mphil Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Affiliation Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/molecular-characterization-of-hospital-and-livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395430 2024-09-30 giidr

Effect of Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) on kinematics in Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) Tayyaba Pervaiz Saad Saleem Laraib Sana Pervaiz Cerebral palsy (CP) Solid ankle foot orthosis Kinematics Swing Stance SAFO Children Introduction: Children with cerebral palsy have impaired motor control, caused by prenatal and postnatal causes that affect the developing brain which leads to Muscle weakness, sensory loss, and stiffness Objective: To assess the efficacy of floor reaction orthoses (FRO) and solid ankle foot orthoses (AFO) with gait's temporospatial factors. Methodology: It was experimental based with custom molded Floor reaction orthosis and Solid ankle foot orthosis, the sampling technique was Non-probability Convenience sampling the targeted population was CP patients, and trials were taken from the patient. Results: FRAFO significantly improved patient cadence, velocity, stride time, stance, and swing phases compared to SAFO, with better improvement in kinetic dynamics and a decrease in stance and swing phases. Conclusion: FRAFO is more effective than SAFO. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics) -Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Rehabilitation Sciences (Orthotics & Prosthetics) -Superior University Lahore/ Central Incharge- Accessibility beyond limitations, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/effect-of-ankle-foot-orthosis-afo-on-kinematics-in-children-with-cerebral-palsy-cp https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395432 2024-09-30 giidr

Prevalence of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in Teenage Pregnancies at a Tertiary Care Hospital Zulfiqar Ali Khan Salma Bibi Shumaila Khawaja Khail Usman Irfan Shukr Roomana Khawaja Khail Muhammad Sohail Khan Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Teenage Pregnancy Prevalence The aim of this study was the evaluation of the prevalence of pregnancy-induced hypertension among teenage pregnancies in a tertiary care setup. This descriptive case series was conducted at the Gynaecology & Obstetrics Department from December 2023 to June 2024. A total of 163 pregnant women in the age range of 10-19 years with a gestation age of more than 20 weeks were enrolled in the study. PIH was diagnosed if blood pressure was ≥140/90 mmHg on at least two occasions. The participants were followed at different stages of pregnancy. Data analysis was done using SPSS-17 and Chi-square tests, where a p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. PIH was present in 14.7% of cases. No significant association was noted between maternal age, gravidity, parity, and gestational age with PIH. Younger maternal age is the other important risk factor for PIH. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Head of Department, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology Swat Medical College and Allied Teaching Hospitals Saidu Shareef Swat, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Biochemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Swat Medical College and Allied Teaching Hospitals Saidu Shareef Swat, KP, Pakistan. House Officer, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Consultant Cardiologist, Hayath Abad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Consultant, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/prevalence-of-pregnancyinduced-hypertension-in-teenage-pregnancies-at-a-tertiary-care-hospital https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395482 2024-09-30 giidr

Frequency, Impact, and Risk Factors of Fatigue in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Mahmood Khan Muhammad Abbas Khan Gohar Shah Sana Ullah Muhammad Nawaz Frequency Impact Risk Factors of Multiple Sclerosis in Patients Pakistan Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms affecting 75–90% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), significantly impacting their quality of life. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, effects, and risk factors of fatigue among MS patients in Quetta, Pakistan. A cross-sectional descriptive design involved 34 participants aged 20–50 years from Bolan Medical Complex Hospital and nearby facilities. The Fatigue Severity Scale(FSS) was used to evaluate the impact of fatigue on functionality and well-being. Findings revealed that 11 patients experienced severe fatigue due to lack of exercise, and 8 linked it to depression. MRI showed lesions in 4 out of 5 patients with severe fatigue. Additionally, 71% reported worsening of other symptoms due to fatigue. The study highlights fatigue in MS as a complex issue requiring integrated management strategies and contributes to addressing gaps in literature to improve healthcare policies and patient quality of life. Humanity Publications Postgraduate Resident, Department of Neurology, Bolan Medical Complex and Hospital (BMCH), Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Medical Officer, Department of Neurology, Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital(PEMH), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Biochemistry, University, of Balochistan (UOB), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Zoology, University, of Balochistan (UOB), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Zoology, University, of Balochistan (UOB), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/frequency-impact-and-risk-factors-of-fatigue-in-patients-with-multiple-sclerosis https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395503 2024-09-30 giidr

Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Western and Non-Western Populations: Prevalence, Psychological Comorbidities, Quality of Life and Role of Nutrition Aroob Aslam Irritable Bowel Syndrome Prevalence Psychological Comorbidities FODMAP Diet Rome IV Criteria Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder with various subtypes (IBS-C, IBS-D, IBS-M, IBS-U), affecting both Western and non-Western populations. Prevalence varies globally, influenced by diagnostic criteria, survey methods, and cultural factors. Women are more commonly affected, especially by IBS-C, but regional and ethnic differences exist. Psychological comorbidities, including anxiety and depression, worsen symptoms and quality of life. Dietary interventions, such as gluten elimination and low FODMAP diets, help manage symptoms, but challenges remain, particularly in non-Western countries due to limited knowledge. This essay critiques the Western-centric Rome IV diagnostic criteria, advocating for a broader approach that includes psychological and gastrointestinal factors in IBS diagnosis and management. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-western-and-nonwestern-populations-prevalence-psychological-comorbidities-quality-of-life-and-role-of-nutrition https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395516 2024-09-30 giidr

Seroprevalence of Transfusion-Transmissible Infections in Blood Donors: Insights from Public and Private Blood Centers in Jaranwala Asma Sarwar Muhammad Saqib Ahsen Taqveem Mohsin Khurshid Muhammad Khalid Mansoor Transfusion-Transmitted Infections Blood Donors Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Syphilis Malaria Screening The aim of this study is to explore how common transfusion-transmitted illnesses are in Jaranwala, Punjab, Pakistan among the donors. TTIs have proven to be one of the greatest threats to blood transfusion safety, and hence better donor-screening procedures necessitate understanding its prevalence.The present study was a cross-sectional study involving 491 voluntary blood donors from both urban and rural sectors. ICT-based testing for HIV, syphilis, malaria, HBsAg, and anti-HCV was performed for all donors. Confirmatory testing was done by an ELISA-based test.Hepatitis C was the most common cause of infection at 46, followed by syphilis at 5, malaria at 4, and Hepatitis B at 33. No cases of HIV were reported. Hepatitis C was more common among rural donors while Hepatitis B was more common among urban donors. The study points to the need for better screening and selection of donors and recommends additional research in underdeveloped areas. Humanity Publications Post-graduate Student, Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Post-graduate Student,Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/seroprevalence-of-transfusiontransmissible-infections-in-blood-donors-insights-from-public-and-private-blood-centers-in-jaranwala https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:396000 2024-09-30 giidr

Comparative Analysis of the Microbiological Spectrum and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles among Catheter-Associated and Non-Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Three Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan Aiman Waheed Muhammad Moiz Malik Ghuneeza Shereen Dure-E- Najaf Khan Sajjad Ahmad Urinary Tract Infection Antimicrobial Resistance Uropathogens Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Antimicrobial Stewardship Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, with increasing antimicrobial resistance compromising empirical therapy. This multicenter cross-sectional study evaluated the bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens isolated from catheter-associated and non-catheter-associated UTIs in three tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan, between January 2022 and June 2023. Of 1,886 urine specimens, 1,694 (89.8%) yielded significant bacterial growth. Escherichia coli (43.0%) was the predominant pathogen, followed by Citrobacter spp. (15.6%), Morganella morganii (15.1%), Pseudomonas spp. (9.7%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.3%). Carbapenems, amikacin, tigecycline, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and cefoperazone–sulbactam demonstrated the highest in vitro activity, whereas fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, aminopenicillins, and co-trimoxazole showed high resistance rates. These findings underscore the need for continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance, routine institutional antibiograms, evidence-based revision of empirical treatment guidelines, and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship programs to optimize UTI management. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Center of biotechnology and microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. BS Student, Center of biotechnology and microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Senior Lab Technologist, Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/comparative-analysis-of-the-microbiological-spectrum-and-antimicrobial-resistance-profiles-among-catheterassociated-and-noncatheterassociated-urinary-tract-infections-in-three-tertiary-care-hospitals-of-peshawar-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2024(IX-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395749 2025-06-30 giidr

Genetic Insights into Hypertension: From Candidate Gene Studies to Genome-Wide Association and Polygenic Risk Prediction Models Ayesha Tahir Bisma Amjad Sohela Hypertension Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) Polygenic Risk Scores (PGS) Computational Genomics Precision Medicine Hypertension is a multifactorial condition with both genetic and environmental causes. Although common, its genetic determinants remain unknown. Over the course of history, research has progressed from candidate gene studies often limited by small sample sizes and selection bias to large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that have identified many common variants with minor effects. Polygenic risk scores (PGS), which sum the effects of multiple variants, have potential for risk prediction and personalized medicine, particularly when calculated from diverse datasets. However, important limitations remain, including restricted ethnic diversity, gene–environment interactions, and challenges in clinical application. Computational genomics and multi-omics integration offer opportunities to improve predictive models and elucidate disease pathways. Future progress will likely depend on large and diverse cohorts, coupled with sophisticated analytical approaches, with precision medicine and artificial intelligence poised to enable individualized risk estimation and facilitate more effective interventions to control hypertension. Humanity Publications M.S, Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. M.S, Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. Graduate, Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/genetic-insights-into-hypertension-from-candidate-gene-studies-to-genomewide-association-and-polygenic-risk-prediction-models https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2025(X-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:giidrjournal.com:395890 2025-03-30 giidr

Lean Healthcare: Reducing Patient Wait Times via Toyota Production System Principles Syed Saddam Ali Shah Lean Healthcare Toyota Production System Patient Flow Value Stream Mapping Process Redesign Long wait times within healthcare systems help to increase patient dissatisfaction, staff burnout, and poor quality of care. This article discusses how the Toyota Production System(TPS)especially the Lean methods can be applied in healthcare to simplify the processes and reduce delays. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the efficiency of Lean in manufacturing, its use in healthcare is still poor, even though it is applicable in healthcare. Case studies, such as Hôtel-Dieu Grace Hospital, show that there were tremendous improvements concerning reductions in emergency department wait times, reduced by one-third, by process redesign, and value stream mapping.The results indicate that Lean can cut waiting time by as much as 62.3, improve patient safety and create large cost savings, such as 1.3 million a year. Altogether, Lean provides a resource-based model of healthcare organizations, that is resource-bound but with high scalability and sustainability, which is based on the respect-for-people philosophy of TPS. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of Sciences and Engineering Management, Trine University, Virginia, United States of America (USA). 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://giidrjournal.com/article/lean-healthcare-reducing-patient-wait-times-via-toyota-production-system-principles https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2025(X-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Immunological &amp; Infectious Diseases Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan