A REVIEW ON THE CLINICAL GUIDELINES TO PEDIATRIC PNEUMONIA AND ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE GUIDELINES ARE FOLLOWED IN PAKISTAN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).05      10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).05      Published : Dec 1
Authored by : Marriam Zahid , Ayesha Hamid , Aleenah Asad , Badar-un-nisa , Amina Bibi

05 Pages : 36-45

References

  • Aftab, S., Ijaz, I., Waqar, U., & Khan, H. I. (2017). Risk factors for the childhood pneumonia in north eastern Pakistan: a case controlled study. Malaysian journal of paediatrics and child health online early. 04-22-2017
  • Ali, F., Zeb, R., Ullah, F., & Zeb, J. (2019). Bacteria causing Pneumonia in pediatric age group 1-5 years. Real Medical Journal, 2019; 44:148-150.
  • Beardsley, J. R., Williamson, J.C., Johnson, J.W., et al. (2006). Using local microbiologic data to develop institution-specific guidelines for the treatment of hospital-acquired Pneumonia. Chest 2006;130:787. 50. Bennett NJ, Domachowske J, Steele R. Pediatric pneumonia. Medscape 2017.
  • Black, R. E., Cousens, S., Johnson, H. L., et al, Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF.
  • Bradley, J. S., Byington, C.L., Shah, S. S., et al. (2011). The management of community acquired Pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(7):e25–76.
  • Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Evidence- based care guideline Community acquired Pneumonia in children 60 days through 17years of age. Available at: file:///C:/Users/sgrief/Downloads/Community%20Ac quired%20Pneumona %20Great%20001.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2018 Neuman MI, Kelley M, Harper MB, et al. Factors associated with antimicrobial resistance and mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia. J Emerg Med 2007;32(4):349–57.
  • Cook, D. J., Walter, S. D., Cook, R. J., et al. (1998). Incidence of and risk factors for ventilatorassociated Pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med 1998;129(6): 433–40.
  • Dr Rani, N., Dr Zubair, N., & Dr Atta, H. I. (2018). Frequency of anaemia in children suffering from Pneumonia at a tertiary care hospital. Journal of medicine, physiology and biophysics. Issn 2422-8427. 41,2018
  • El Kuti, Patel, A. A., Coleman, C. I., (2008). Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associate Pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis. J Crit Care 2008;23:91.
  • Fabregas, N., Ewig, S., Torres, A., et al. (1999). Clinical diagnosis of ventilator-associated Pneumonia revisited: comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies. Thorax 1999;54(10):867– 73.
  • Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2010;375(9730):1969–87. 52. World Health Organization Pneumonia. Fact sheet No. 331. 2016.
  • Horan, T., Gaynes, R., (2004). Survillence of nosocomial infection. In: Mayhall C, editor. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004. p. 1659–702. Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia 501
  • Jehan, F., Aziz, I., Kerai, S., Balouch, B., Brown, N., Rahman, N., Rizvi, A., Shafiq, Y., Zaidi, A. K. M. (2020). Randomized trial of amoxicillin for Pneumonia in Pakistan. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020;383:24-34.
  • Jiskani, F. B., Shaikh, F., Rehman, S. A., Nizamani, M. A., & Shaikh, M. A. (2017). X-Ray Chest Findings In Children Aged 2 Months To 59 Months Classified As Pneumonia According To Imnci Guidelines. PAFMJ, 2017;67(5): 779-82.
  • Kalil, A. C., Metersky, M. L., Klompas, M., et al. (2016). Management of adults with hospitalacquired and ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:e61.
  • Khan, A. J., Hussain, H., Ali, S., Khan, A., Khan, I. J., & Baig, I. Y. (2009). High incidence of childhood pneumonia at high altitude in Pakistan: a longitudinal cohort study. Bull world health organ 2009 March; 87(3): 193- 199
  • Lee, G. E., Lorch, S. A., Sheffler-Collins, S., et al. (2010). National hospitalization trends for pediatric Pneumonia and associated complications. Pediatrics 2010;126:204–13.
  • Margolis, P., Gadomski, A. (1998). The rational clinical examination. Does this infant have Pneumonia? JAMA 1998;279(4):308–13.
  • McDermott, K. W., Elixhauser, A., Sun, R. (2017). Trends in hospital inpatient stays in the United States, 2005- 2014. HCUP statistical brief #225. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017.
  • Munir, S. (2009). Management of Pneumonia in the Outpatients – Are We Following the WHO Treatment Guidelines? Ann. Pak. Inst. Med. Sci, 2009;5(2):67-69
  • Muscedere, J. G., Shorr, A. F., Jiang, X., et al. (2012). The adequacy of timely empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associate Pneumonia: an important determinant of outcome. J Crit Care 2012;27:322.e7.
  • Mustafa, Z. U., Salman, M., Aslam, N., Asif, N., Hussain, K., Tanveer, N., & Hayat, K. (2021). Antibiotic use among hospitalized children under-five with lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter, retrospective study from Punjab, Pakistan. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021.
  • Mustafa, Z. U., Salman, M., Rao, A. Z., Asif, N., Butt, S. A., Shehzadi, N., & Hussain, K. (2020). Assessment of antibiotics use for children upper respiratory tract infections: a retrospective, cross-sectional study from Pakistan. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020; 52(7):473-478.
  • Neuman, M. I., Hall, M., Lipsett, S. C., et al. (2017). Utility of blood culture among children hospitalized with community-acquired Pneumonia. Pediatrics 2017;140(3) [pii:e20171013].
  • Paul, M., Shani, V., Muchtar, E., et al. (2010). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:4851
  • Rello, J., Torres, A., (1996). Microbial causes of ventilator- associated Pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1996;11(1):24–31.
  • Sadruddin, S., Haque Khan, I. U., Fox, M. P., Bari, A., Khan, A., Thea, D. M., Khan, A., Khan, I., Ahmad, I., & Qazi, S. A. (2019). Comparison of 3 Days Amoxicillin Versus 5 Days Co-Trimoxazole for Treatment of Fast- breathing Pneumonia by Community Health Workers in Children Aged 2–59 Months in Pakistan: A Cluster-randomized Trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2019; 69(3): 397–404.
  • Saleem, Z., Saeed, H., Hassali, M. A. et al. (2019). Pattern of inappropriate antibiotic uses among hospitalized patients in Pakistan: a longitudinal surveillance and implications. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control 8, 188 (2019)
  • Sialer, S., Liapikou, A., Torres, A. (2013). What is the best approach to the nonresponding patient with community-acquired Pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27(1):189–203.
  • Siemieniuk, R., Alonso-Coello, P., Guyatt, G. (2016). Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired Pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2016;164(9):636.
  • Stuckey-Schrock, K., Hayes, B. L., George, C. M. (2012). Community-acquired Pneumonia in children. Am Fam Physician 2012;86(7):661–7.
  • Swanson, J. M., Wells, D. L. (2013). Empirical antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013;2:339.
  • Thakuria, B., Singh, P., Agrawal, S., et al. (2013). Profile of infective microorganisms causing ventilator- associated Pneumonia: A clinical study from resource limited intensive care unit. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2013;29(3):361–6

References

  • Aftab, S., Ijaz, I., Waqar, U., & Khan, H. I. (2017). Risk factors for the childhood pneumonia in north eastern Pakistan: a case controlled study. Malaysian journal of paediatrics and child health online early. 04-22-2017
  • Ali, F., Zeb, R., Ullah, F., & Zeb, J. (2019). Bacteria causing Pneumonia in pediatric age group 1-5 years. Real Medical Journal, 2019; 44:148-150.
  • Beardsley, J. R., Williamson, J.C., Johnson, J.W., et al. (2006). Using local microbiologic data to develop institution-specific guidelines for the treatment of hospital-acquired Pneumonia. Chest 2006;130:787. 50. Bennett NJ, Domachowske J, Steele R. Pediatric pneumonia. Medscape 2017.
  • Black, R. E., Cousens, S., Johnson, H. L., et al, Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF.
  • Bradley, J. S., Byington, C.L., Shah, S. S., et al. (2011). The management of community acquired Pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(7):e25–76.
  • Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Evidence- based care guideline Community acquired Pneumonia in children 60 days through 17years of age. Available at: file:///C:/Users/sgrief/Downloads/Community%20Ac quired%20Pneumona %20Great%20001.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2018 Neuman MI, Kelley M, Harper MB, et al. Factors associated with antimicrobial resistance and mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia. J Emerg Med 2007;32(4):349–57.
  • Cook, D. J., Walter, S. D., Cook, R. J., et al. (1998). Incidence of and risk factors for ventilatorassociated Pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med 1998;129(6): 433–40.
  • Dr Rani, N., Dr Zubair, N., & Dr Atta, H. I. (2018). Frequency of anaemia in children suffering from Pneumonia at a tertiary care hospital. Journal of medicine, physiology and biophysics. Issn 2422-8427. 41,2018
  • El Kuti, Patel, A. A., Coleman, C. I., (2008). Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associate Pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis. J Crit Care 2008;23:91.
  • Fabregas, N., Ewig, S., Torres, A., et al. (1999). Clinical diagnosis of ventilator-associated Pneumonia revisited: comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies. Thorax 1999;54(10):867– 73.
  • Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2010;375(9730):1969–87. 52. World Health Organization Pneumonia. Fact sheet No. 331. 2016.
  • Horan, T., Gaynes, R., (2004). Survillence of nosocomial infection. In: Mayhall C, editor. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004. p. 1659–702. Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia 501
  • Jehan, F., Aziz, I., Kerai, S., Balouch, B., Brown, N., Rahman, N., Rizvi, A., Shafiq, Y., Zaidi, A. K. M. (2020). Randomized trial of amoxicillin for Pneumonia in Pakistan. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020;383:24-34.
  • Jiskani, F. B., Shaikh, F., Rehman, S. A., Nizamani, M. A., & Shaikh, M. A. (2017). X-Ray Chest Findings In Children Aged 2 Months To 59 Months Classified As Pneumonia According To Imnci Guidelines. PAFMJ, 2017;67(5): 779-82.
  • Kalil, A. C., Metersky, M. L., Klompas, M., et al. (2016). Management of adults with hospitalacquired and ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:e61.
  • Khan, A. J., Hussain, H., Ali, S., Khan, A., Khan, I. J., & Baig, I. Y. (2009). High incidence of childhood pneumonia at high altitude in Pakistan: a longitudinal cohort study. Bull world health organ 2009 March; 87(3): 193- 199
  • Lee, G. E., Lorch, S. A., Sheffler-Collins, S., et al. (2010). National hospitalization trends for pediatric Pneumonia and associated complications. Pediatrics 2010;126:204–13.
  • Margolis, P., Gadomski, A. (1998). The rational clinical examination. Does this infant have Pneumonia? JAMA 1998;279(4):308–13.
  • McDermott, K. W., Elixhauser, A., Sun, R. (2017). Trends in hospital inpatient stays in the United States, 2005- 2014. HCUP statistical brief #225. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017.
  • Munir, S. (2009). Management of Pneumonia in the Outpatients – Are We Following the WHO Treatment Guidelines? Ann. Pak. Inst. Med. Sci, 2009;5(2):67-69
  • Muscedere, J. G., Shorr, A. F., Jiang, X., et al. (2012). The adequacy of timely empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associate Pneumonia: an important determinant of outcome. J Crit Care 2012;27:322.e7.
  • Mustafa, Z. U., Salman, M., Aslam, N., Asif, N., Hussain, K., Tanveer, N., & Hayat, K. (2021). Antibiotic use among hospitalized children under-five with lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter, retrospective study from Punjab, Pakistan. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021.
  • Mustafa, Z. U., Salman, M., Rao, A. Z., Asif, N., Butt, S. A., Shehzadi, N., & Hussain, K. (2020). Assessment of antibiotics use for children upper respiratory tract infections: a retrospective, cross-sectional study from Pakistan. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020; 52(7):473-478.
  • Neuman, M. I., Hall, M., Lipsett, S. C., et al. (2017). Utility of blood culture among children hospitalized with community-acquired Pneumonia. Pediatrics 2017;140(3) [pii:e20171013].
  • Paul, M., Shani, V., Muchtar, E., et al. (2010). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:4851
  • Rello, J., Torres, A., (1996). Microbial causes of ventilator- associated Pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1996;11(1):24–31.
  • Sadruddin, S., Haque Khan, I. U., Fox, M. P., Bari, A., Khan, A., Thea, D. M., Khan, A., Khan, I., Ahmad, I., & Qazi, S. A. (2019). Comparison of 3 Days Amoxicillin Versus 5 Days Co-Trimoxazole for Treatment of Fast- breathing Pneumonia by Community Health Workers in Children Aged 2–59 Months in Pakistan: A Cluster-randomized Trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2019; 69(3): 397–404.
  • Saleem, Z., Saeed, H., Hassali, M. A. et al. (2019). Pattern of inappropriate antibiotic uses among hospitalized patients in Pakistan: a longitudinal surveillance and implications. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control 8, 188 (2019)
  • Sialer, S., Liapikou, A., Torres, A. (2013). What is the best approach to the nonresponding patient with community-acquired Pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27(1):189–203.
  • Siemieniuk, R., Alonso-Coello, P., Guyatt, G. (2016). Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired Pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2016;164(9):636.
  • Stuckey-Schrock, K., Hayes, B. L., George, C. M. (2012). Community-acquired Pneumonia in children. Am Fam Physician 2012;86(7):661–7.
  • Swanson, J. M., Wells, D. L. (2013). Empirical antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated Pneumonia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013;2:339.
  • Thakuria, B., Singh, P., Agrawal, S., et al. (2013). Profile of infective microorganisms causing ventilator- associated Pneumonia: A clinical study from resource limited intensive care unit. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2013;29(3):361–6

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Zahid, M., Hamid, A., & Asad, A. (2022). A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan. Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VII(I), 36-45 . https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).05

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Zahid, Marriam, Ayesha Hamid, and Aleenah Asad. 2022. "A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VII (I): 36-45 doi: 10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).05

HARVARD

    HARVARD : ZAHID, M., HAMID, A. & ASAD, A. 2022. A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan. Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VII, 36-45 .

MHRA

    MHRA : Zahid, Marriam, Ayesha Hamid, and Aleenah Asad. 2022. "A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VII: 36-45

MLA

    MLA : Zahid, Marriam, Ayesha Hamid, and Aleenah Asad. "A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VII.I (2022): 36-45 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Zahid, Marriam, Hamid, Ayesha, and Asad, Aleenah (2022), "A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan", Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review, VII (I), 36-45

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Zahid, Marriam, Ayesha Hamid, and Aleenah Asad. "A Review on the Clinical Guidelines to Pediatric Pneumonia and Assessment of the Extent to which these Guidelines are Followed in Pakistan." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review VII, no. I (2022): 36-45 . https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2022(VII-I).05